MEX-3 interacting proteins link cell polarity to asymmetric gene expression in Caenorhabditis elegans

Development. 2002 Feb;129(3):747-59. doi: 10.1242/dev.129.3.747.

Abstract

The KH domain protein MEX-3 is central to the temporal and spatial control of PAL-1 expression in the C. elegans early embryo. PAL-1 is a Caudal-like homeodomain protein that is required to specify the fate of posterior blastomeres. While pal-1 mRNA is present throughout the oocyte and early embryo, PAL-1 protein is expressed only in posterior blastomeres, starting at the four-cell stage. To better understand how PAL-1 expression is regulated temporally and spatially, we have identified MEX-3 interacting proteins (MIPs) and characterized in detail two that are required for the patterning of PAL-1 expression. RNA interference of MEX-6, a CCCH zinc-finger protein, or SPN-4, an RNA recognition motif protein, causes PAL-1 to be expressed in all four blastomeres starting at the four-cell stage. Genetic analysis of the interactions between these mip genes and the par genes, which provide polarity information in the early embryo, defines convergent genetic pathways that regulate MEX-3 stability and activity to control the spatial pattern of PAL-1 expression. These experiments suggest that par-1 and par-4 affect distinct processes. par-1 is required for many aspects of embryonic polarity, including the restriction of MEX-3 and MEX-6 activity to the anterior blastomeres. We find that PAL-1 is not expressed in par-1 mutants, because MEX-3 and MEX-6 remain active in the posterior blastomeres. The role of par-4 is less well understood. Our analysis suggests that par-4 is required to inactivate MEX-3 at the four-cell stage. Thus, PAL-1 is not expressed in par-4 mutants because MEX-3 remains active in all blastomeres. We propose that MEX-6 and SPN-4 act with MEX-3 to translate the temporal and spatial information provided by the early acting par genes into the asymmetric expression of the cell fate determinant PAL-1.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Caenorhabditis elegans / embryology*
  • Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / metabolism
  • Cell Cycle Proteins / metabolism
  • Cell Polarity*
  • Drug Combinations
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
  • Genes, Helminth
  • Helminth Proteins / genetics*
  • Helminth Proteins / metabolism
  • Homeodomain Proteins*
  • Oils
  • Phenols
  • Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / metabolism
  • RNA-Binding Proteins / metabolism*
  • Trans-Activators*

Substances

  • Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins
  • Cell Cycle Proteins
  • Drug Combinations
  • Helminth Proteins
  • Homeodomain Proteins
  • MEX-3 protein, C elegans
  • MEX-5 protein, C elegans
  • MEX-6 protein, C elegans
  • Oils
  • P & S Liquid
  • Phenols
  • RNA-Binding Proteins
  • SPN-4 protein, C elegans
  • Trans-Activators
  • pal-1 protein, C elegans
  • PAR-1 protein, C elegans
  • PAR-3 protein, C elegans
  • Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases